Data Definition Language (DDL)
Statement
Data Definition Language (DDL) merupakan bagian dari statement SQL yang
digunakan untuk menciptakan, memodifikasi, atau menghapus struktur tabel
database.
Pernyataan
DDL terdiri atas :
PERINTAH DDL
|
KETERANGAN
|
CREATE TABLE
|
Perintah untuk menciptakan tabel
|
DROP TABLE
|
Perintah untuk menghapus tabel
|
ALTER TABLE
|
Perintah untuk mengubah struktur tabel
|
RENAME
|
Perintah untuk mengubah nama tabel
|
TRUNCATE
|
Perintah untuk mengosongkan tabel
|
Aturan nama tabel dan nama kolom dalam Oracle :
- Harus dimulai dengan huruf
- Memiliki panjang 1 – 30 karakter
- Dapat berupa gabungan dari huruf , angka dan karakter spesial: A – Z, a – z, 0 – 9, …., $ dan #
- Tidak boleh ada nama tabel dan kolom yang sama dengan obyek database lainnya yang ada dalam database yang dimiliki oleh user yang sama
- Tidak boleh merupakan statement Oracle.
A. DDL : Perintah Create Table
Untuk
dapat menciptakan tabel dalam database Oracle, seorang user harus memiliki hak
akses untuk menciptakan tabel, yaitu hak akses CREATE TABLE (CREATE TABLE
privilege).
Bentuk
umum perintah CREATE TABLE adalah:
CREATE
TABLE [schema.] table
(column
datatype [DEFAULT expr] [, …..]);
Dimana
:
- schema adalah nama user schema
- table adalah nama tabel
- DEFAULT expr mendefinisikan nilai default apabila nilai tidak didefinisikan saat menggunakan statement INSERT saat meng-inputkan data pada tabel
- column adalah nama kolom
- datatype adalah tipe data dan panjang kolom
contoh
perintah create table :
- Untuk melihat struktur tabel yang telah dibuat dalam Oracle, dapat digunakan perintah DESCRIBE (dapat disingkat dengan DESC)
Contoh:
DESC petugas;
B. DDL : Perintah ALTER TABLE
Untuk
Menambahkan tabel, berikut ini sintaksnya :
ALTER
TABLE table
ADD
(column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[,
column datatype] …);
- Untuk Memodifikasi Tabel
ALTER
TABLE table MODIFY (column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [, column
datatype] …);
- Untuk Menghapus Tabel
ALTER
TABLE table DROP (column);
dimana:
- ADD|MODIFY|DROP adalah jenis modifikasi yang akan dilakukan
- table adalah nama tabel
- column adalah nama kolom
- datatype adalah tipe data dan panjang dari kolom
Contoh
Penerapan Perintah Alter Table :
1. Perintah Alter Table untuk Menambah Kolom
atau Field
2. Perintah
Alter Table untuk Memodifikasi Tipe Data Kolom yang Sudah Dibuat
CATATAN:
- Pengubahan dimana ukuran kolom akan dikecilkan hanya dapat dilakukan apabila kolom hanya berisi nilai NULL atau apabila tabel belum memiliki record/baris data sama sekali.
- Pengubahan tipe data hanya dapat dilakukan apabila kolom berisi nilai NULL.
- Pengubahan terhadap nilai DEFAULT hanya akan berdampak pada peng-inputan data berikutnya dalam tabe.
3.
Perintah Alter Table untuk Menghapus Kolom.
Bisa dengan
mengetikan sintaks berikut ini : ALTER TABLE petugas DROP COLUMN email; dimana
:
petugas = nama
tabel
email = nama
kolom pada tabel petugas.
C. DDL : Perintah Drop Table
sintaks :
DROP TABLE table;
dimana :
table = nama
tabel.
D. DDL : Perintah Rename
Perintah
RENAME digunakan untuk mengubah nama tabel.
Bentuk
umum dari perintah RENAME :
RENAME
old_name TO new_name;
dimana:
old_name merupakan nama tabel yang akan diubah namanya
new_name merupakan nama tabel yang baru
Contoh
mengubah nama tabel PETUGAS menjadi PEGAWAI dan sebaliknya
- RENAME petugas TO pegawai;
- RENAME pegawai TO petugas;
E. DDL : Perintah Truncate
Perintah
TRUNCATE digunakan untuk menghapus semua baris/record dalam tabel dan
melepaskan memori yang digunakan oleh tabel.
Bentuk
umum perintah TRUNCATE:
TRUNCATE
TABLE table;
dimana:
table adalah nama tabel yang akan dihapus seluruh
datanya.
Catatan
:
Perintah
TRUNCATE TABLE tidak dapat di- roll back.
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